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English Notes Form 5 & 6 All Topics PDF Download

Posted by Dastan Anastaz April 21, 2026

English Notes Form 5 & 6 All Topics PDF Download

ENGLISH FULL NOTES

ENGLISH FULL NOTES: English is an Indo-European language of the West Germanic language family. Modern English is commonly regarded as the world’s lingua franca and is the standard language in a wide range of professions, including computer programming, international business, and higher education.

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For more than a century, English has been the world’s dominant language. Even now, it remains the primary language for business, diplomacy and education for all levels around the world.

WHY YOU SHOULD LEARN ENGLISH LANGUAGE

1. English makes it easier to learn.

2. English is the Language of International Communication

3. English makes it easier to travel

4. English can make you ‘smarter’

5. English link you to opportunities

ENGLISH FORM FIVE NOTES – NEW SYLLABUS

CHAPTER ONE: STANDARD PRONUNCIATION

CHAPTER TWO: VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER THREE: GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY

CHAPTER FOUR: ORAL MESSAGES

CHAPTER FIVE: COMPLEX AND STYLISTIE MEANINGS

CHAPTER SIX: MANAGING CONVERSATIONS

CHAPTER SEVEN: CREATING A VARIETY OF COMPLEX ORAL AND WRITTEN TEXTS

CHAPTER EIGHT: PRINCIPLES OF INTERPRETING

CHAPTER NINE: PRINCIPLES OF TRANSLATION

CHAPTER TEN: EDITING AND PROOFREADING

CHAPTER ELEVEN: APPRECIATING THE AESTHETIES AND VALUES OF LITERATURE.

CHAPTER TWELVE: ANALYSING AND APPRECIATING LITERARY GENRES

ENGLISH FORM FIVE NOTES – NEW SYLLABUS

TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE | ENGLISH FORM 5 & 6

TOPIC 2: WORD FORMATION | ENGLISH FORM 5 & 6

TOPIC 3: LISTENING SKILLS | ENGLISH FORM 5 & 6

TOPIC 4: SPEAKING SKILLS | ENGLISH FORM 5 & 6

TOPIC 5: READING SKILLS | ENGLISH FORM 5 & 6

TOPIC 6: WRITING SKILLS | ENGLISH FORM 5 & 6

TOPIC 7: TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETATION | ENGLISH FORM 5 & 6

INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE

INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE: Language is a symbol system based on pure or arbitrary  conventions…. (syane  and jindal 2007:1)

Language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral auditory arbitrary. (Hall, 1969 (ibid)

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates (Bioch and Trager, 1942)

Language is a system of vocal symbols used for human communications. (wardaugh- 1972)

Language is a collection of signs which are arbitrary chosen and organized according to certain fixed principles that are acceptable by the society.

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by which thought is conveyed from one human being (a speaker or writer) to another (a listener or reader)

Language is a conventional system habitually system of vocal behavior by which members of a community communicate with one another.

Language is a learned and shared habitual system of vocal symbols through which human beings in the same speech community interact and hence communicate in terms of their common cultural experiences and expectations.

Language is the system of communication in speech and writing that is used by human beings.

NOTE:- with regard to the above definitions, the most possible definition of language may be this “Language is a system of arbitrary and conventional vocal symbols through    which

thought (message) is conveyed from one human being to another i.e.: from the speaker or order to the listener or reader.

ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE

The definition of language consists of several key terms/elements as follows.

1. System

Language is a system in the sense that it is a collection of sign or symbols i.e. It assembles together the smaller units to form the larger units and these units are arranged in a regular order for example:- phonemes-syllable-morphemes-words-phrases-clauses-sentences- paragraph-comprehension.

Language is constituted by several elements which are arranged in a regular fixed order, such elements include subject, verb, object, complement and adverbial.

For example: – The boy has been here since yesterday

                      S           V                  A            A

He left your book in my room last week

S     V         O           A              A

Language being a system is also constituted by various subsystems such as sound system, structural system and meaning system.

2. Arbitrary

The arbitrariness of language is proven by the following facts.

In language there is no correspondence (similarity) between the symbols (sound or letters) and the realities, meanings or objects which are represented by those symbols.

For example: – the word dog with the four legged animal, table as a piece of furniture. However language is arbitrary due to the fact that the linguistic symbols used in language were just picked haphazardly (with no particular plan or organization) i.e. there was no any formal meeting by any speech community which sat to form language. Each speech community has its own symbols representing different realities.

3. Vocal

Language is said to be vocal since each language is based on speech sounds that are produced by the vocal organs, (organ of the mouth, nose and throat) i.e. in spoken form language is presented through the vocal sounds (sounds from the mouth)

4. Symbol

Language is symbolic in the sense that language uses signs or symbols to represent realities, object or ideas.

There are two major types of symbols used in language

A. The acoustic images (the sounds)

B. The graphic signs (orthography letters 1 spellings) These symbols represent realities, objects or ideas in spoken language; we use the acoustic images (sounds) where as in written language we use the graphic signs (letters)

5. Conventional

Language is conventional due to the fact that any human language (system of communication) ought to be mutually acceptable and understood by a particular speech community i.e. all members who use that particular language.

6. Message

Message is the key word language has the message since it is the message that is conveyed from one human being to another i.e. language is used as the medium through which ideas, opinions or thought is carried from the speaker or writer to the listener or reader. The participants in language communicate the message to

each other thus message is the central element in any communication system (no message, no communication)

7. Human being

Language is used by human beings i.e. it has been proved that it is only the human being among all creatures who communicate by the use of language other creature do communicate using different systems or forms but they never use language as there means of communication.

 

A LANGUAGE/A COMMUNITY LANGUAGE

A LANGUAGE

Is a specific from (system) of speech which is conventional and mutually understood by a specific speech community i.e. it refers to one particular language as used and spoken by a particular community.

The speech community can be ethnic group, a tribe, a nation or even the whole continent for example Kichagga is a language of chagga people of Kilimanjaro region, Kingoni a language of ngoni as a tribe,Swahili a language of Tanzania as a nation, English a language of Europe, America and Australia as continents.

Features of a Language

A language has several features or characteristics:-

1. It is a specific concept referring to one particular form of speech (system of communication) that is mutually used and understood by a particular speech community.

2. A language is used to express the culture of a particular speech community i.e. a language is the central element of a particular culture hence a language and culture are inseparable.

3. A language changes and develops with the change and development of culture

i.e. dynamism of a language is usually influenced by culture.

4. A language can also change on contact with the foreigners through different activities such as trade, tours, colonial domination etc.

5. A language usually may have script (forms or spellings) different from other languages i.e. each language has different orthography spellings.

6. A language may have phonological and grammatical systems (pronunciation and structure) different from other languages.

7. A language may belong to a group with other languages which stem from the same ancient language for example Kiswahili, Kisukuma, Kihaya, Kinyakyusa etc are among the Bantu languages hence each language belongs to Bantu language.

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